tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-86194290794609940912024-02-07T00:04:51.702-05:00Literacy MinuteLiteracy Minute is an educational blog focused on literacy!SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.comBlogger258125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-70755058396111656512021-08-12T11:27:00.003-04:002021-08-12T11:30:18.038-04:00Sound WallsMany teachers are interested in using Sound Walls instead of Word Walls. The more traditional word wall is organized alphabetically using all 26 letters of the alphabet. We place “sight words” or “high-frequency words” under each letter based on the first letter of each word. Working with word walls is print to speech. We find the print/letter first and then we match the sound. Our language develops from speech to print. We hear speech sounds before we learn to match the sounds to a particular letter or letter pattern. So, in the early grades, a Sound Wall makes more sense. <div>Everything you need to explore the idea of Sound Walls is located in<a href="https://heggerty.org/blog/sound-walls/" target="_blank"> this blog post</a>. The post shares the work of Mary Ellis Dahlgren, Ed.D., president of Tools 4 Reading. She is an experienced educator with more than 25 years in the field of education having served as a dyslexia therapist, elementary classroom teacher, international literacy consultant, and author. You can order her resources at <a href="https://www.tools4reading.com/products-services" target="_blank">Tools 4 Reading</a>. </div><div><img align="left" src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" /></div>SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-62779474554107269992021-05-25T15:15:00.001-04:002021-10-06T12:25:55.258-04:00Decodable Texts<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK8sMZ7kLFfQ5JaXY86uTcMHMYHzXVk6nM_ntMH34DKbPdCjVitcyFGRo93t3r49qVf-T9vQRB8750OfYr3Fjs9xoZ6nC-VPvbg9GfSh1fFPfUIKG-nggRK_Emt-DWzGrXQ7j6I0L6oZA/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="159" data-original-width="317" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK8sMZ7kLFfQ5JaXY86uTcMHMYHzXVk6nM_ntMH34DKbPdCjVitcyFGRo93t3r49qVf-T9vQRB8750OfYr3Fjs9xoZ6nC-VPvbg9GfSh1fFPfUIKG-nggRK_Emt-DWzGrXQ7j6I0L6oZA/" width="320" /></a></div><br />Hi!<div>More and more of us are in search of decodable texts. Decodable texts are carefully sequenced to progressively incorporate words that are consistent with the letter-sound relationships that we have taught. For example, if you have taught closed syllables, you will want your student to practice using a decodable text. We might use the<a href="https://www.schoolspecialty.com/storybooks-1-starter-set-primary-phonics-9780838883617?catalogId=10101&langId=-1&storeId=10801&krypto=DamWhfNew8q9mATUxPQQT%2B25DDbOBroCtYbD9hdfWCUn3KIs5x0ygIZiXNvEwAHUpMdhPa827ByEqJ44wTNQXbTTjdTVa3XhJxck6PDwPHtGh3o%2BzzaprC%2FZ96p1fxMNuGjD2JuxkdRdSloIz9i4dS4nKtiwZhdUQOyuiiBmWkF3wiTjSzeZEXH7MJZcDk6ouSn5JgQkIa9DTago%2FrboAdWo30ukzyFzXsQocDpPw2o%3D" target="_blank"> Primary Phonics </a>book, <i>Mac and Tab,</i> or<i> Ben Bug</i>. The first set reviews short vowel sounds, using phonetic skills to read decodable/connected text, and sight words. Allowing the child to practice what you have taught will build confidence and help you assess progress. These texts are used in a small group or one-on-one instruction. You will have to determine how many books that you will need for a group. (I do not use the workbooks and other materials that are sold.) The decodable texts can be matched to your curriculum's scope and sequence. A good decodable text will list what the child will need to know in order to read it. Many programs offer digital books but you will want physical copies that do not have to be printed as well. </div><div>Decodable readers have been around for a long time! As an Orton Gillingham tutor, I used these during each lesson. The <a href="https://www.schoolspecialty.com/storybooks-1-starter-set-primary-phonics-9780838883617?catalogId=10101&langId=-1&storeId=10801&krypto=DamWhfNew8q9mATUxPQQT%2B25DDbOBroCtYbD9hdfWCUn3KIs5x0ygIZiXNvEwAHUpMdhPa827ByEqJ44wTNQXbTTjdTVa3XhJxck6PDwPHtGh3o%2BzzaprC%2FZ96p1fxMNuGjD2JuxkdRdSloIz9i4dS4nKtiwZhdUQOyuiiBmWkF3wiTjSzeZEXH7MJZcDk6ouSn5JgQkIa9DTago%2FrboAdWo30ukzyFzXsQocDpPw2o%3D" target="_blank"> Primary Phonics </a>books are one of my favorites! Another series that I own are the <a href="https://www.schoolspecialty.com/spire-illustrated-decodable-reader-starter-set-1a-10-titles-9780838838808" target="_blank">S.P.I.R.E. text sets</a>. There are many choices! Here are a few more that are recommended:</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.phonicbooks.com/shop/" target="_blank">Phonics Books</a>- High-interest readers designed to build confidence with great illustrations.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://eps.schoolspecialty.com/products/literacy/readers/the-alphabet-series/about-the-program" target="_blank">Alphabet Series Readers </a>-They include elements of both fiction and nonfiction and are appealing stories for grades K-3. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://flyleafpublishing.com/" target="_blank">Flyleaf Publishing</a>-High quality texts that kids love! </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.highnoonbooks.com/listHNB-Phonics.tpl?action=search&cart=15763432974336056&cattrack=Phonicsatoc&xHNBCATEGORY=Sound%20Out%20Chapter%20Books&xHNBSUBCATEGORY=PhonicsAtoC&bobx=1st%20Grade%20Phonics-Based&eqGROUPdatarq=item" target="_blank">High Noon Books</a>—Sound Out Chapter Books</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.sdlback.com/" target="_blank">Saddleback Books</a>-Offerings for older readers!</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bw7nQKoIas">Decodable Book List</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Don't forget about decodable <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zRghVarN0GP18ADorFZh5xz2ebe39egD/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">poems</a> and <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/18Dx_IjOP-niVxcteiLsQZBagQ8qe8hZN/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">passages</a>! These are quick and easy to print for your lesson and send home. Be sure to determine if the poem or passage is right for the student! This can be tricky. You might have to teach a few words before they read. You can find more passages to purchase from <a href="https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Emily-Gibbons-The-Literacy-Nest/Category/DECODABLE-READING-PASSAGES-274973" target="_blank">The Literacy Nest</a>. Emily is a trusted resource for OG teachers. </div><div><br /></div><div>I hope this helps you to find the right decodable texts for your children!</div><div><br /><img align="left" src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" /></div>SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-8774585532866246402018-10-17T21:48:00.001-04:002018-10-17T21:48:37.399-04:00Our Craft and Netflix<br />
I have been watching Chef's Table on Netflix. It is about culinary stars that are redefining food. Some of the most renowned chefs in the world share their deeply personal stories and unique styles. They are all extremely passionate about their craft. It is exciting to watch as they work with their team and create wonderful dishes.<br />
I have compared their passion to my own. I am passionate about literacy and want my teachers and coaches to create wonderful learning experiences for children. Here are a few reflections that have been simmering as I watch this series.<br />
These chefs have developed a belief system about food and how it should be prepared. They are passionate about their beliefs. It has become a way of life. They continue to grow and may make changes but they do not go with every new trend or whim. This belief system gives them confidence and they excel in their craft.<br />
They surround themselves with excellent staff. They work together in an open environment where ideas can be shared and nurtured. Nothing is hidden in the kitchen. They work together to create something special. In the end, they are all responsible for the evening's outcome.<br />
They train inexperienced chefs. Newbies have to start somewhere! One chef only works with newbies and as soon as they are experienced, he sends them off into the world. He likes the energy of working with young people who do not have as many restraints. They are eager and open to learning.<br />
The world respects and admires them. They have been elevated within their craft and rewarded for their hard work. People come from all over the world to see them and experience their talent. Some allow you to sit in the kitchen and watch the process of preparing the meals. These are coveted spots!<br />
They want to leave a mark. It may be sustainable farming or authentic cultural experiences but whatever the passion, they want to share their best work. They are world changers.<br />
Take some time to think about these ideas and compare them to your own experience. What do you believe? Do you work openly with others who are as passionate as you? Do you share your talents with others? Do you help new teachers grow? Are you adventurous and willing to learn? Are you leaving a mark? Are you proud of your craft and promote it?<br />
Food for thought!!<br />
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<img align="left" src="https://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-4001273082231601122018-09-16T14:35:00.000-04:002018-09-17T08:57:36.041-04:00Dyslexia is Real!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisjNV7c7vhQ6vjhbp2mZEIMqhdZo54e3CmthJblV5fx4v73ee_rtJyV_cLdfVCCk1s1X4Pf5WtPzxeW3uZlpbXujXUgjx331uUVPEBtmrA6Oup_SE9Z85-KjJTwRK3IRlRnOvKscklhH4/s1600/Ben+dyslexia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1160" data-original-width="1200" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisjNV7c7vhQ6vjhbp2mZEIMqhdZo54e3CmthJblV5fx4v73ee_rtJyV_cLdfVCCk1s1X4Pf5WtPzxeW3uZlpbXujXUgjx331uUVPEBtmrA6Oup_SE9Z85-KjJTwRK3IRlRnOvKscklhH4/s320/Ben+dyslexia.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Friends,<br />
I don't normally post on subjects that involve my children or things of a personal nature. This time is different. I think it is important to share our journey and to support others that might be going through the same thing. I learned a lot as a parent and as an educator. Today is my son's birthday. With his permission, I share our story!<br />
When my son was in kindergarten, I realized that he was not learning at the same rate as his peers. With a late birthday, I decided that he would repeat kindergarten. After a few months, his teacher met me after school and told me that he was still struggling. He needed more help than she could provide. He was easily distracted, upset that he couldn't do what the other students were doing, tired easily due to the challenges of school, and could not master basic kindergarten skills. School was so difficult for him that evenings were challenging at home. He decided in kindergarten that he did not like school and did not want to go.<br />
I had him tested by a private psychologist. She found that he had a very high IQ and low achievement. She assumed that I was doing everything for him. I look back at that report and realize that she did not fully understand the issues that my child was experiencing. She did not have a background in reading or education. Her attitude added to the "mother guilt" I was already experiencing. The results of her report indicated that my child needed intensive remediation in basic skills. I took this report to the local school district and the only option they offered was a self-contained classroom for children with severe learning disabilities. I visited this classroom and quickly decided that this was not the right option for my child. I researched for many months and found the term "<a href="https://dyslexiaida.org/">dyslexia</a>". It seemed to describe my child and what we were experiencing. I went to seminars and read books on dyslexia. When I discussed my findings with the school staff, they were not familiar with dyslexia and had nothing to offer my child. Fortunately, there was a tutor nearby that offered the kind of support that my son needed. He went to this tutor every day during the school months for three years. His reading improved and while he never liked school, he was able to graduate. I used a 504 to support him with needed accommodations. Our experience in college was actually very positive. It took him an extra year, but he graduated and has a great job!<br />
All of this happened 25 years ago! Back then, we did not understand dyslexia or how to help these children learn to read. I was trained to use a multisensory approach to reading and worked with a student while my son was being tutored. Over the years, I have helped many children learn to read using this approach. As a parent and an educator, I know that dyslexia is real. I know that some students need a multisensory approach to reading that involves sequential phonics. I know that one-sized reading instruction does not fit all.<br />
Some things have changed in the last 25 years. We know much more about dyslexia. There are many resources online for parents and teachers. However, there is still much debate on how to teach reading to students with dyslexia. There is much debate on how many children are affected and how dyslexia is determined. We need more professional learning for educators to help them understand what dyslexia is and how to help these struggling readers. We also need to understand<a href="https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/Docs/PracticeGuide/wwc_foundationalreading_040717.pdf"> foundational reading</a> and how that impacts learning at a very early age.<br />
I have a wide background in education. I taught second and third grade in general education. I have been a K-12 resource teacher and special education coordinator. I understand balanced literacy and the benefits that it provides to our students. I support reading and writing workshops. I also support multisensory instruction for those students that need it. There are no" reading wars" in my world. We provide each student with what they need. Period.<br />
I do want to point out that my son did not become a "reader" until he found a series that interested him. He needed the decoding help that the multisensory instruction provided. But, he had to find a series that created in him a desire to read. He was in the ninth grade. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ua5uxfvv12BUs8mlKSERrHw1P_yh_yDg/view?usp=sharing">He explains that here! </a><br />
I have developed<a href="http://www.elearningscpd.com/portal/"> a course</a> to support educators in understanding dyslexia. Teachers are taking this course and are passionate about helping students. States are discussing dyslexia like never before. We want to identify these students early and provide the needed interventions. I hope the next 25 years are brighter for children like my son. With early intervention targeted to their needs, they can progress and develop a love for reading. I encourage you to learn more about dyslexia and how we can help to make all children readers.<br />
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<br />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-73401159176642809552018-02-12T10:37:00.001-05:002018-02-12T10:37:54.625-05:00Valentine's Freebie 2018<div style="text-align: center;">
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We love to sing this one at my house! Here is a Valentine Freebie of the song!</div>
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Grab the poem <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TXNaU_YauCtvgFK6TyreJ5fr15Au7Rt7/view?usp=sharing">Here!</a></div>
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<img align="left" src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-75918719299845369242018-01-22T11:21:00.000-05:002018-01-22T11:21:39.778-05:00Developing Motor Skills<br />
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Motor skills involve the function of muscle movements in the body. There are gross motor skills that use the large muscle groups and fine motor skills that use the smaller muscles in the hands, fingers, and forearms.<br />
There are stages of motor development that are important for educators to know. Scholastic has a great article that will help you understand <a href="https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/ages-stages-how-children-develop-motor-skills/">The Ages & Stages: How Children Develop Motor Skills</a><br />
<a href="https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/ages-stages-how-children-develop-motor-skills/">By Susan A. Miller Ed.D., Ellen Booth Church, and Carla Poole</a>.<br />
Excerpt:<br />
<b>Stage by Stage 0 - 2</b><br />
Locomotion begins when a baby can turn onto her tummy and pull herself forward with her arms.<br />
By eight months, babies may be grasping objects and pushing forward on their hands and knees.<br />
One-year-olds, learning to stand unsupported, are gaining muscle control in their backs and legs.<br />
<b>Stage by Stage 3 - 4</b><br />
Preschoolers love high-energy, outdoor activities.<br />
Threes and 4s enjoy working with a variety of media as they exercise their fine motor skills.<br />
Developing eye-hand coordination helps preschoolers fine-tune their creations.<br />
<b>Stage by Stage 5 - 6</b><br />
Dramatic growth in the development of physical skills often takes place during the kindergarten year.<br />
Five- and 6-year-olds' emerging physical abilities also increase their capacity to learn new cognitive skills. Games become more appealing to kindergartners as their physical skills become more finely tuned.<br />
<a href="https://teach.com/blog/the-benefits-of-puzzles-in-early-childhood-development/">Puzzles </a>are important for developing the skills.<br />
Did you know that there are links between fine motor skills and achievement? You will find a summary of the research in this article: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399936/">Fine motor skills and executive function both contribute to kindergarten achievement</a>.<br />
<a href="https://www.naeyc.org/our-work/families/what-do-children-learn-kindergarten-program">NAEYC</a> provides us with a picture of what children learn in kindergarten. Motor skills are a part of physical development and very important to learning. We need to take time for developing these skills!<br />
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<iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yuVkkhpiHTA" width="560"></iframe> <img align="left" src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-29890221569640205012017-04-18T14:33:00.000-04:002020-07-24T10:50:19.609-04:00Sequential Phonics for Struggling Readers<div style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Professor John Hattie is well known for his meta-meta-analysis of educational research, <a href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2392/2d3e21a8c447bf95c18dacf630e6ce45eea3.pdf">Visible Learning.</a> In his section on reading comprehension, he writes: “the support from this form of [synthetic] systematic phonics appeared to be strong: that is, the synthesis of separate sounds associated with letters appears to be superior to many other methods.” Hattie concludes: “Overall, phonics instruction is powerful in the process of learning to read – both for reading skills and for reading comprehension” (Hattie, 2009). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Many students struggle when learning to read. One of my children had a very difficult time learning to read and after testing it was determined that he had a reading disability. About 10% to 17% of the U.S. population has a specific reading disability sometimes called dyslexia, which is the major cause of reading failure in school. It is important to note that reading difficulties exist on a continuum. Some children will do well with quick intervention and other children, like my son, will need lots of support and explicit instruction in reading.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">After researching different ways to help my child, I found that a systematic, multisensory approach to teaching phonics was needed. According to the prominent dyslexia researcher <a href="http://dyslexia.yale.edu/About_ShaywitzBios.html">Dr. Sally Shaywitz</a> the key ingredients of effective early intervention are:</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Systematic and direct instruction in:</span></b><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Phonemic Awareness</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Phonics</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Syllabication</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Spelling</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Reading sight words</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Vocabulary and concepts</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Reading comprehension strategies</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fluency Training-Fluency is the ability to read quickly, smoothly, accurately and with good comprehension. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Enriched language experiences-Interactive dialogue involving listening, speaking and storytelling. </span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In this blog post, I want to focus on the first three on the list!</span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b> <b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Phonemic Awareness</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><img alt="Image result for phonemic awareness continuum chart" src="http://www.readingfirst.virginia.edu/prof_dev/phonemic_awareness/images/pyramid400.gif" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">In order for children to learn to read print, they must be aware of how the sounds in words work. They must understand that words are made up of individual speech sounds, or phonemes. Phonemic awareness involves segmenting (dividing spoken words into individual sounds), blending (putting these sounds together), and manipulating (adding, deleting, or substituting sounds). Although people often use the terms interchangeably, phonemic awareness is actually a subcategory of phonological awareness, which refers to a more general understanding of the sound structure of language. <a href="http://www.readingfirst.virginia.edu/prof_dev/phonemic_awareness/introduction.html">Here is a guide </a>by the University of Virginia on phonemic awareness instruction.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Phonemic Awareness is so important! Research indicates a strong relationship between early phoneme awareness and later reading success, and it links some reading failure to insufficiently developed phoneme awareness skills. <a href="http://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/phonemic">Reading Rockets </a>has more ideas for developing this important skill. The best news about learning phonemic awareness is that it is and should be fun!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><img alt="Image result for levels of phonemic awareness" src="http://www.mrsjudyaraujo.com/wp-content/uploads/PhonemicAwarenessSteps_1200lower.jpg" height="331" width="400" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.mrsjudyaraujo.com/phonemic-awareness-for-prek-k-and-1/">Mrs. Judy Araujo</a> has a wonderful website that is just full of great ideas! Don't miss this one!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span> <b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Phonics</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Phonics involves the relationship between sounds and their spellings. Phonics is the understanding that sounds and print letters are connected; this is the first step towards “reading.” The goal of phonics instruction is to teach students the most common sound-spelling relationships so that they can decode words. This comes naturally to the majority of students. For some students, like my son, this did not come naturally. I learned that some students need to learn language in a structured way from the simple to the complex. It needs to be multisensory (students are taught using all pathways to learning: auditory, visual, tactile, and kinesthetic (movement). This instruction needs to be cumulative where new learning is connected with what is already learned. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">There are different ways of structuring phonics instruction. I teach phonics based on the <a href="http://www.readingrockets.org/article/six-syllable-types">six types of syllables </a>(closed, open, silent e, vowel teams, r-control, and consonant le). This is an approach to teaching phonics that does not rely on a program. The goal is not to just teach phonics/spelling rules. The goal is to teach the student to recognize the patterns of the syllables in words. I have taught many struggling readers over the last 25 years to decode this way. Remember, children with dyslexia are intelligent! They can pick up the patterns when taught in a systematic way. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span> <b>Syllables</b><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">A very helpful book that uses this structure of teaching phonics/spelling based on the six syllables is<a href="http://www.highnoonbooks.com/detailHNB.tpl?action=search&cart=149261785413061&eqskudatarq=8308-0&eqTitledatarq=Angling%20for%20Words-Basic%20Angling%20Program&eqvendordatarq=ATP&bobby=%5Bbobby%5D&bob=%5Bbob%5D&TBL=[tbl]"> Angling for Words</a>- Basic Angling Practice Book by Dorothy B. Montgomery - Linda M. Gipson. It allows the teacher to take students through phonics in sequential order. It gives you a word list for all 6 syllable types and has sentences that match the word pattern you want to practice. Corresponding phono-cards are also very helpful. They can be found<a href="http://www.highnoonbooks.com/detailHNB.tpl?eqskudatarq=8311-0"> here</a>.<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B82H7t6wZ0_5cGQwZTlEN2lyX2M/view?usp=sharing"> Here</a> is an outline of the progression. In the teacher's manual, there is a blank chart that can be filled in for each child as they move through the syllables. While it was published a long time ago, it is a great intervention tool for the general education classroom. It is simple and straightforward. I have created a commentary to go with the sequence. you can find it <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/10APoX98oTZ3fJxz4ZnhvqOr_K6TMRcwD1UHQMrnevQg/edit?usp=sharing">here</a>! This is very similar to most Orton Gillingham programs that use a sequential approach. Another helpful book to use with the commentary is <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Recipe-Reading-Revised-Expanded-Traub/dp/0838805051/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjwjer4BRCZARIsABK4QeVdYwvK1Beel819hxCeUql34fLSCOftw94rs648-Fu3G6rRKxih4A0aAjWqEALw_wcB&hvadid=233525394361&hvdev=c&hvlocphy=9010625&hvnetw=g&hvqmt=e&hvrand=15217376187623259076&hvtargid=kwd-131374582&hydadcr=9337_10314922&keywords=recipe+for+reading&qid=1595602172&sr=8-1&tag=googhydr-20">Recipe for Reading</a>. </span><br />
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Helpful Ideas and Supports<br />
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">One helpful tidbit is to give each of the vowels a hand motion. This allows the teacher to remind the student what to say without actually saying it. Mine are: short a-an open palm, holding the largest apple that they have ever seen! Short e-rubbing a finger along the "edge" of the table (this positions the mouth and teeth correctly). Short i-itch by scratching my hand. Short o-opening my mouth, saying the short o sound and circling the opening in an o shape. Short u-pointing up. You may have different motions. Just make sure they are quick and subtle. My students will use these on their own to help them remember. It is a great kinesthetic connection to the short vowel sounds.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Comprehension is not always an issue for a student with dyslexia. It wasn't for my child. (But, I have seen many children that struggle with both decoding and comprehension.) To foster his comprehension skills, I read books aloud to him, watched movies (asking questions) with him, and bought many picture books and magazines for him to read. This helped him enjoy reading until his decoding skills improved. In the classroom, we foster this idea by approaching literacy in a balanced way. We use read alouds, shared reading, listening to reading, and many literacy </span>activities<span style="font-family: inherit;"> that support struggling readers.We also explicitly teach <a href="http://www.readingrockets.org/article/key-comprehension-strategies-teach">comprehension strategies</a>. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Cursive Handwriting is important! <a href="http://www.wbms.org/blog/handwriting-montessori-why-teach-cursive-vs-print">Maria Montessori</a>’s extensive observations of children revealed the importance of learning through movement and the senses. Research corroborates the vital hand/brain connection, proving that new pathways in the brain develop as children use their hands to explore and interact with the world. I love this quote:</span> "Only three fingers write, but the whole body works.”-Medieval Scribe. Students with dyslexia need the motor memory and tactile experience that comes with handwriting. Cursive letters can all begin on the line (the way I teach) and letter reversals are almost impossible. Maria Montessori believed that writing of single letters could begin with three or four-year-olds. She noted that children try to write before they begin to read.I have seen this countless times with littles! I encourage you to take the time to research this vital link for struggling learners.You can find out more <a href="https://dyslexiaida.org/why-bother-with-cursive/">here</a> and <a href="https://dyslexiaida.org/write-makes-right/">here</a>. </li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Multisensory Approach</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">Example of the lesson plan steps:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><b>Visual</b> drill- Students see the letters or groups of letters for the sound(s)/spelling pattern(s) you are working on. They can name the letter(s) and say the correct sound(s) for the letter.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><b>Auditory</b> drill- The sound the letters or groups of letters make. Teacher says sound(s)and student repeats. Then, the student writes all the ways that sound is spelled.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">3.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><b>Read</b> words- blend sounds they are learning in words and break the word into sound parts. <a href="http://www.readingrockets.org/content/pdfs/Phonics-Sound-Elkonin-Boxes.pdf">Elkonin Boxes </a>are great for this!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">4.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dictated <b>spelling</b> words- teacher says a word(s), student repeats it and then writes the word down. This is where <a href="http://www.theliteracynest.com/2014/07/using-sos-strategy.html">S.O.S. Spelling</a> comes in handy. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">5.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Dictated <b>sentences</b>- student writes complete sentences with that contain the sound taught throughout the lesson.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">6<b>.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Reading</b> passages/books- The student will read a passage or book that has many words containing the sound presented in step 1. I have used phonetic readers (<a href="http://www.rainbowresource.com/proddtl.php?id=012432">Primary Phonics</a>) to match my phonics skills to a text. <a href="https://www.readinga-z.com/search/#!#doSearch=Search&searchTerms=decodable%20books">Reading A-Z</a> has decodable readers as well.The goal is to move the child into a variety of books and genres, especially ones that interest them. <a href="http://www.mrsjudyaraujo.com/mentor-texts-for-phonetic-elements/">Here</a> is a resource for finding books matched to levels. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">This lesson plan format can be used in small group or individual reading instruction. It is an excellent way to provide intervention for those students needing this level of support. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span> Additional multisensory tools can be used to introduce new letters, phonemes, or practice spelling. Here are a few that students and teachers like:<br />
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<a href="https://smile.amazon.com/Plastic-Canvas-Sheets-10-1-x13-1/dp/B002LHGYOG/ref=sr_1_10?s=arts-crafts&ie=UTF8&qid=1517923347&sr=1-10&keywords=plastic+canvas">Plastic Canvas</a>- This is easy to find in craft stores. It comes in different colors. You place the paper over it creating a bumpy writing surface.<br />
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<img alt="Image result for plastic canvas" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSm0sEj6-8lUdZlkPnvJKxJ9ouIFHMcqTPTwkhjobRypk9gN67e" /></div>
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Colored Sand, rice, or beads are great for tracing letters or words. This work better on a tray. The <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kid-Advance-Montessori-Sand-Tray/dp/B00L84VBS2">Montessori Sand Tray </a>is very nice. But any tray will do!</div>
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<img alt="Montessori Sand Tray" height="150" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/41%2BtlF425fL._SX425_.jpg" width="200" /></div>
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Scrapbooking Paper comes in a variety of textures. Check out your local craft center and see what is available. The rougher the better.</div>
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<img alt="Colorful Burlap Digital Paper. Scrapbooking Backgrounds, Linen patterns for Commercial Use. Fabric textures. Clipart Instant Download." src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBwgHBgkIBwgKCgkLDRYPDQwMDRsUFRAWIB0iIiAdHx8kKDQsJCYxJx8fLT0tMTU3Ojo6Iys/RD84QzQ5OjcBCgoKDQwNGg8PGjclHyU3Nzc3Nzc3Nzc3Nzc3Nzc3Nzc3Nzc3Nzc3Nzc3Nzc3Nzc3Nzc3Nzc3Nzc3Nzc3Nzc3N//AABEIAJ8AnwMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAbAAACAwEBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAADBAABAgYFB//EAEQQAAEDAgMDBgsGBAUFAAAAAAEAAhEDIQQxQRIiUQUTYXGBkQYUFiQyU5KhscHSIzRCUmJyM9Hw8UNjc8LiFVSTsuH/xAAbAQACAwEBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAADBAACBQEGB//EACcRAAIBAwIGAwEBAQAAAAAAAAABAwIEMjFSERMhM1GREhSBBSIV/9oADAMBAAIRAxEAPwDpL7Dc8lts2MntKywSxt9Pkri3QFjnmiwATETdLtvi6vQAfcmBNzYdXBLUyDi6pgRAvHQgz4DVn3PwMCCZuDmrAEHKR0aK43ibznYKiYBgT2ZpE0gOLg06Zj8YRhEzFzpZL407jP3j+s0cGYn+aHIatl2zQO9lboIWanoPkaFQHegcVTgebdbTNDHDOCA8Wpg3MI+1pYdiWwh83pyNEbei5smHqHWhc5AlAYfO3yfwBGmBxvwS5AOMeNmdwIsGRajUZOgnsUkXykLOkRpory/vCZDgcVsh9C34tOpHMbVh3hL4g79GSDvcehHOdvim4sC1JqbRbNQEWAA7lmb8O1VtaAohbgWyNhoGcAzKjdeuylJp2GmD6IVwADuwetLHy4l72OaXZAxdXIWGnQjRY2GSBTEYurP6dehBnwGrPufgz3e9W0QJ3c1Wc2bPUtEQPw5JE0hTFkmmwHSoNOtMQgY1p2KeU7Yy7UeLX/shyGtZdsgbwuo8BtNxBm1wr4f2VVCRTMxcFDGweG+7sk3hGGUTcIGDD/F2SIEWujCco7kw9Q60KGRiM0syHYx8gXYLd6audPclGjzupmZYEWHItTqMHZA1B6StSCc1Umwv3hRxgXlMhwGJtUoH9XyRySXZ6Jev/FoH9XyR4INh8E3FgWpLkEm4KmyfwxdQE3CgJy1RC5bBuMkjILfWAO1YaDsNEXIFoVwQcrdSWPlpTx1dpQKdsXVkjJvbZNEEtNz3JZn3qtrlp0IM+A1Z9z8DiOgSoAJ6FR2rWEdql8ujNImkBxhhlOfzjRGJiB8UDGA83Tg25wadaYN84nqQ5DWsu2aLRIkGNbrDrtMRYH4K9rr7Fk2Y7pBQ0NmMJHi7OpGGd9EHCfd6YPDgjEx396YeodaFluoCVbAxlSfyBNtIvdKB3n1S87g4IsORanUYB1m3apMWt3qpgRChcSAb8EyHAYv+JQANtv5JgC3R1pbFTt0c/TOvQjmNfem4sC1JI3hB0VkagSVAesKa3RCxQjYZ0t1K0b5ZobXnZaDtZDRaNQTk7uQPi/B8y5Mm1+i9NJS1M+d1STNm27EwX31n9qAyRiXvLTBAiyDNRU6OiGbSOtScWnoHIOgUIifii4TDVsZXFLC0Xvcc7QB0k6LpcD4L02w/HVTUdrTpktb35n3JeK1lkfRGiqWzjsUJbTaLuNQQNSvTo8lcoVv4eDqx+obP/tC7elhsPgacYXD02EmAGiJ6yq8c2aPOVKRAvGy4EO6pjRPL+VS86vQ5FK46fijlWeDnKbh6NFv76v8AIFE8luUHNIdVwwMaPcf9q9DAcsbpqcxVqVq4514c4ANkw1jZtnAHG5MSncHyt43izTpU91vpEuEQSdkjUzBtpBlGX8y3Xn2W+zIc/S8FOUadJrOdwziB+dw/2rFTwd5SYSeabU/ZVHzhdDVxNIACszxmu8D7OZa0kw1sddpjQkwhYrGt5Nq08Jz0Sxp2nEQIDi4knIQ2dbAwFZ/zoH5Lq7lRy9bBYvDya+FrMA/EWyO8WXntqbeNqEPDtwayuwdy3XLw5jtim2mXOZVYJDrCCZiZcBFtDMSnxydhOUqDa2MwtLnXydto2XgTYEi8xE9MoX/OVL401Bo77g/9I4cEwYKobWzcroOUPBetTmpgavOtF+afAd2OyPbHWvAfuOdTqMqse0w5rmQQgVw10PqjRouYq1xTF8TO1Qgn0tepMRaZS1eXPpQx0B0mB0I0iPRM9SPEmqQ1Mse5GtM8lCZIvoskiLcOChjSZROBbmx7kfSvF6PqafshTxeh6mn7IRVE+eWBeL0PU0/ZCni9D1NP2QipfEYnm61KhTbt1qoc5rSYAa2JJPC4HaFCBmMYwQxjW9QhCq4ptN5aadYxq2mSMuhC8bqCszDvoAYh+0WtD5aWtiXTGW8Bln0XQn8qCm2oH0SKtKvSpPZtescGtcDqN73FQgSriaNZjmPo4nZgG1NwOems+9Zw7MPTqtilXc6N19QExadckZ+JccQ7D4emH1GNDn7TtkCZgTBvY/1CXHKnOMomjQJfUqPpFj3bJY5gMg5/lPRlooQqkzD0S0to4gijIptNL0B+m06JihVouqbmHex0ekaUW60H/qe2MIaFGRiqJrN512wQBs2NjfeC2cfGGxdbmvuz3NI2vSgA/NQhmtUw9SrSq1KGIL2A7Bax27PUg1qdN9KH0HuoPfLhzRc89DpzyHZZO0MTzuJxFHYjmS0TOcifmg4rlAYfFsoGkXbQaZDr7ztmw1iZPRKhDRqYcz5q8kAkfY5olPFMc9rG0qzZyJpED/4gu5Q2aGOq8190c4EbXpQ0O+BUqcoGninUXUCWtexhe10mX5W4SoQeWH0qbzL6bHHiWgoWGxPP1sVT2NnxeqKZMztEsa6e5wS7uVaf/T8bi203EYTb22EwSGjaBHW2COtQg34vQ9TT9kKeL0PU0/ZCxhcQa7q7HUyx9GpsOvIO6HSDwhwTChAXi9D1NP2Qp4vQ9TT9kIqihCKLjR4WY0iRh6UdLD9Svyrx3qKPsf8ANV+SGPqTbWdilMXhHVcRQxNCoKdeiHNBc3aa5jolpEjVrTPR1hcz5V471FH2P+aw3wuxjnuaKFKWxO4fqXVxq6JHHazLWk6Wpg678TRxfPU24ikHNG4dksdsy03zloM+5YxPJj69OoeeaK9StRql5ZIApva4NAnKx1/ET0LwPKrHeoo+wfqU8qsd6ij7B+pX+Fe1nPry7To24PEU8W7FU61PbqsDKrSw7JgnZIvYwYPG2SE/kinUbRZVc2o1tWpVqhzf4heHAxe3pdOXaufqeF2MphpdQpbxgfZn6lryrx3qKPsH6l1RSPSllXDWujR0FPk6qa2Gfia7K4oMqU9+nd4dswTeJGze150WnYB84mmKreYxFTbc0tuLAOAM6x2SVzvlXjfU0fYP1KHwrxoBJo0bf5Z+pd5Mu1+jnLq8HS0sLWpY3EVhVp7FZzSW7BkQ2M56OCFyhyacbVqE1Wtp1KPNkbG83enaaZsRpaxuudp+FuMqUw9tGjB4sP1LR8K8cP8AAo+wfqU5Mu1guZR5Ohfye8nFsbVbzGLdtVGltxuhrgDOoHYSc9M1+THVcVVxLKzadYuY6k8MnYLQQQb7wIJBFs+MEeB5V471FH2D9SGPDDGGoaYoUtoCTuH6lOTLtZVyxrq6kdI3BYqm/GupYmk04p+3PNElh5trPzX9EH3dKFiORg6ji6OEqNoUsTheYc3YkNMEBwuNDHTAvZeH5WY7/t6XD0D9SnlZjpjmKPsH6lOTLtZX7EO5HYMaGtgADoAstLi3+F+MYWh1ClvGB9mfqW/KvG+po+wfqVXRWujTKu7t1rWvZ2Ki47yqx2tCj/4z9SnlVjZjmKPsH6lz41eGc+7bb17PApndbbTtWwRJtZZF2NkCBCrZExCGe2RYdum/ahUZ8aqmdG/BEsNBmh0hOKqxwbn1Ji2zBzaDBOUBWDOdlRiwcR1K2tAcRbjZaAuL40Sym4EfxB80VpsBdCxl2NuT9oMupG2LDLuTMOIpNmU7Sx7SsuDQ10HRaI0PwWXtbBjRp0RgL0MYJ32DL6cUXbLnRsjrlCwjW+L0+pGIAyt1hcR5sk7xvF4QAfPalrbARhMXt0oNP75U4lgXKgE+Ac3EXVG3AKZ5GFInM+9cEAGLG9QgxvfJMD0bk9xQK436BP5vkjlsx8iElNmxO4yITGYytkoDvHJTgFBY37ghi5kAljYMWuriM1GEhogaaK9crdazD7WjJB/rVBpwMVVA4Nz6kcQUGmIxdW+gHuTFtmCm0QxlkSfcrk3uoM1cAjL3LQAC2LB2Ken2gR3AnMoWMnm6f7x80TeEZpmHQTmzKiCSIVObLHTexWwCReVTwBTd0gorYJ6A8GPN2NI0RLxf3oeFthqeWSJFxmuI82QCxS8+eP2b7ozTEwIS7BOLfa2yFKgFxgGcLZ3VyTaR3KOkDLsVlp4W6lwzwGJJL6Fx6fyRwb+mlsT6dARfb16kyWwJJySU2bE58iwBOarOINutWCI1uFTr3iQOKGBJT9ES7QKySDmVGDcECDAUc0AzZZh9pM6HOY7kGiPO6gkQQEyYPAHKyXpGMVVkXhsJi2zBy4oO7MaKC1zkehSLz0Xur0grQAC+MvTYf8wfNGiCgYwzTZ/qD4FMDK8RpZMw4ic2ZYkmchwKzUk03QcgVNbKO9BwPAogJ6AsKfNqck5ZFHLjE2sg4OPF6c8EV06T3KI82Q3NiOGqWa0jGvM/gFwmG3/kgNLfHX5jcGqlQCfAYvNzKknj3LLbkQFpvcuCCF8QTt0Nd69+hGJOvxQcTHO0dTt/JMiOGfFJTZsTuMjNuCsGbfNXF9FUAHOLZoYAw2dkWGXSrcb2At0qNnZFtFbRY5SFmn2lFi02BS9I+dVjAiBn1JgDKYkoFIA4uqNYGfUj22YOXQYAkmwUJAnKFVgcwrLgBneFoARbFg83Tkf4gyRzEWz60HFjdZ/qCe5GIAN8+KZhxE5sywDqsVIaxx/Stg3ItZDqeg7qRQLB4MxhmZZI2Yse9Dwo81pkARCKBw4WsoebJFz8UBonGuH6RdMWmw6ku0HxxxA/CPmuVAJ8A7mkGFQnaIEqyVQHFcM8DiJFWgb+l8kwCS6UtiAA+hmd8z3JoC8wkps2KXGRmTwt1LRzByU2czZZnXJDAH//2Q==" 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<span style="font-family: inherit;">I hope that this information has prompted you to discover different ways of supporting students with dyslexia and those who are struggling in other ways. We must be persistent in our efforts to help them be successful.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span> <img align="left" src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" /></div>
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SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-47756109509982881212017-03-06T16:31:00.000-05:002017-03-08T15:05:48.088-05:00Generative Questions<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Image result for asking questions" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQmR4S6TgirxZJ007lTMMyuxz9wsmJLfj9QjA3WDMn3FAale3FugQ" /></div>
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Our students need the skill of generating thoughtful questions. The ability to routinely generate mental questions while reading, listening, or viewing something not only boosts attention and alertness but also strengthens comprehension (Duke & Pearson, 2002). We want them to be critical thinkers!<br />
What can we do to help students develop the practice of questioning while reading or listening? One way is to use<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B82H7t6wZ0_5Q2hWaXVXd0ZKaW8/view?usp=sharing"> generative questions</a> (handout). Generative questions are questions <b>asked by the student </b>to deepen meaning and comprehension as they read. Use these questions interactively with any text read with students. Provide instruction in how to pose these questions while reading to develop understandings and deepen comprehension. Create an anchor chart with students so they can refer to questions on their own as they learn to ask these of themselves. The goal should be that students routinely and independently ask questions like these of themselves.<br />
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Generative Questions<br />
Generative Questions are questions students can ask THEMSELVES to develop meaning and deepen comprehension as they read any text.<br />
What do we know so far? How do you know?<br />
What else? …What else?<br />
Let’s reread.<br />
What are you seeing? How did you figure that out? What words or phrases did the author use to help you paint that picture in your mind?<br />
What does the author want you to think? How did s/he accomplish that?<br />
Who is the author writing for…who is the audience?<br />
What is the tone? How do you know? How should our voices reflect that?<br />
What is the author trying to do here? What words or phrases did the author choose to show that?<br />
What does the author want you to feel? How did s/he accomplish that?<br />
What DON’T we know? What questions do you have?<br />
What words did you have to puzzle through mentally to figure out possible meanings?<br />
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<a href="https://highprogressliteracy.com/about/">Jennifer Young, 2012</a><br />
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Clemson University's Reading Recovery website has more information on questioning. <a href="https://readingrecovery.clemson.edu/introduction-asking-questions/">Check out Introduction to Answering Questions! </a><br />
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<img align="left" src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-6989571186415378482016-12-04T20:26:00.000-05:002017-08-08T11:28:31.002-04:00Fluency<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Image result for fluency" 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" 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Fountas and Pinnell tell us that there are three components to reading fluency:</div>
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1. <b>Accuracy</b> (also known as automaticity, the person’s ability to read words correctly in a text)</div>
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2. <b>Rate </b>(the speed a person reads)</div>
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3. <b>Stress, intonation, and pauses</b></div>
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(Fountas & Pinnell, 2009)</div>
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To gain a deeper understanding of fluency and how it supports or hinders reading, I recommend the work of Timothy Rasinski.</div>
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"It may be helpful to think of reading fluency as a bridge between the two major components of reading – word decoding and comprehension. At one end of this bridge, fluency connects to accuracy and automaticity in decoding. At the other end, fluency connects to comprehension through prosody, or expressive interpretation." </blockquote>
Rasinski has a<a href="http://www.timrasinski.com/presentations/multidimensional_fluency_rubric_4_factors.pdf"> multidimensional fluency rubric</a> that breaks down the different components of fluency. I like to use it along with a running record. You are looking for expression and volume, phrasing, smoothness, and pace. <br />
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Visit <a href="http://www.timrasinski.com/resources.html">Tim Rasinski's website </a>and find a wonderful list of resources!<br />
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In her article, <a href="http://www.educationworld.com/a_curr/profdev/profdev083.shtml">Shared Reading: Listening Leads to Fluency And Understanding</a>, Janet Allen discusses the importance of Shared Reading in building fluency. Please take the time to read this article. Shared reading is appropriate for any grade! She mentions some of the advantages of using shared reading:<br />
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<li>Students were more motivated to read.</li>
<li>Attendance improved when students didn't want to miss what the class was reading.</li>
<li>Students' speaking and writing vocabularies were changing to reflect the texts they read.</li>
<li>Students were reading more on their own -- in school, in detention, at home and even in jail. (Allen received several letters from former students who were there, asking her to send books similar to those she had read with them.)</li>
<li>The class was more like a community and less a collection of individuals who happened to be in the same place.</li>
<li>Students' writing improved.</li>
<li>Students began to see themselves as readers. (Allen, 2002)</li>
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Building fluency involves decoding and comprehension! Some of my favorite resources for helping students with fluency are listed below:<br />
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<a href="http://www.readingresource.net/support-files/shortfluencyphrases.pdf">Fry Phrases by Rasinski</a>- These can be on cards or you can find <a href="http://chapelhill.dce.schoolinsites.com/?PageName=LatestNews&Section=LatestNews&ItemID=44433&ISrc=School&Itype=News">power points</a> that have them on each slide. Students can practice them in pairs or it could be part of a guided reading lesson. They are based on sight words. I have found that the phrases work so much better than just one word.<br />
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<a href="http://www.literacyconnections.com/ReadersTheater-php/">Readers Theater</a>- This is a great resource. There are many links!<br />
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<a href="http://www.readwritethink.org/classroom-resources/lesson-plans/poetry-feast-form-fluent-22.html?tab=5#tabs">Poetry</a>- This is a lesson with resources. Any fun poem will do!<br />
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<a href="https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/blog-posts/shari-edwards/using-music-improve-reading-fluency/">Songs</a>- I love the idea of using popular songs!<br />
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I hope that this sparks your interest in building fluency in fun ways!<br />
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<img src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" style="text-align: left;" />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-8934530933156954612016-08-10T09:56:00.000-04:002016-08-10T09:56:30.530-04:00Informational Text <br />
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Most children like to read informational text. If they are interested in the topic, students can engage in this genre with excitement. There is no disagreement that children will need to be fluent readers of informational texts as they move forward in their learning. So, what do our students need to know about informational text?</div>
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Google or Pinterest the topic and you will see that the main focus of instruction is text features. I call these the "tricky parts" of reading informational text. While they are important, there is so much more to teach. </div>
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Out goal is to create readers, writers, and researchers. Students must be able to comprehend informational texts and use them in authentic ways. This requires the teacher to model the reading of informational texts and teach reading strategies that will promote reading comprehension. Explicit teaching of comprehension strategies can foster comprehension (Duke & Pearson, 2002). <a href="https://www.hand2mind.com/pdf/miriam/grades_1_2.pdf">Here is a book</a> that will help you understand the importance of comprehension strategies!</div>
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Teachers must differentiate instruction within the classroom. Selecting books on different levels will help teachers meet the needs of their students. <a href="http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/every-learner/6554"> Here is an exceptional article with videos </a>that will encourage you to support all students. Don't forget to refer to the <a href="http://www.heinemann.com/products/E06078.aspx">Continuum of Literacy Learning </a>to see what the text demands are at each level. </div>
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Mentor texts are a vital part of informational text reading and writing. Lynne Dorfman and Rose Cappelli in their book <i><a href="http://blogs.footeschool.org/library/files/2010/02/Nonfiction-Mentor-Texts-2jujrvf.pdf">NonFiction Mentor Texts</a>, </i>offer a wide range of mentor texts and show how these models illustrate the key features of good writing. This is a great resource!</div>
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I encourage you to think beyond the "tricky parts" and go for the development of the genre. We want our students to comprehend and enjoy a wide variety of informational texts. To authentically read and write about topics of interest. </div>
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<img align="left" src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-23441991189621469312016-07-10T10:31:00.001-04:002016-07-10T13:35:31.949-04:00Background Knowledge<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0jl2CwNxZV8" width="560"></iframe>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.72px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.72px;"><br /></span></span> A person's background knowledge, often called prior knowledge, is a collection of "abstracted residue" (Schallert, 2002, p. 557) that has been formed from life experiences. </span><span style="line-height: 19.72px;">In the context of schools, background knowledge can be defined as the knowledge students have learned both formally in the classroom as well as informally through life experiences. Previous studies (Alexander, Kulikowich, & Schulze, 1994; Shapiro, 2004) have shown that background knowledge plays an enormous role in reading comprehension (Hirsch, 2003).</span></span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 19.72px;">So, how do we build background knowledge?</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 19.72px;">In <a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.464.1223&rep=rep1&type=pdf">this article </a>by Douglas Fisher, Nancy Frey, & Diane Lapp, you will find ideas that will work with students of all ages. It is written for middle school, but the ideas will work with elementary.</span></div>
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"The<b> first step</b> in addressing background knowledge is to determine what core background knowledge (as opposed to incidental knowledge) students will need to understand the new information to be learned. We must ask several questions:</div>
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1. Representation: Is the information foundational or essential to understanding the main concept (core), or is it merely interesting but peripheral (incidental)?<br />
2. Transmission: Does the information require multiple exposures and experiences (core), or can it be easily explained or defined using a label, fact, or detail (incidental)?<br />
3. Transferability: Will the information be required to understand future concepts (core), or is the information specific to one topic and not likely to be used in the near future (incidental)?<br />
4. Endurance: Will the information be remembered after the details are forgotten (core), or will it likely not be recalled in the future (incidental)?"<br />
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The <b>next step</b> in the process of building background knowledge is to determine the extent to which students possess relevant core background knowledge. They offer several different ways to assess students. I like the idea of asking students to write captions for illustrations or photos. They discuss the importance of vocabulary and how to model new vocabulary for students.<br />
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I encourage you to read the article and find ways to build background knowledge. It starts with what students know and leads to what they need to know!<br />
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<img align="left" src="https://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-62470853095198606242016-05-25T08:55:00.000-04:002016-05-25T09:38:56.630-04:00Reflection 2016<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6Usg3wHHgVhaG8850FCUO8uvQSAbrBZQ4wCttxg-ex9BpIeZRvUvZykVmFp-cLzaPXFPPfC37quAifL0-3QJYlKMFJnV4vBPx7QmJ5iKJPSj338IdhDP6-m5bhrtzjRPk4QdD7xYuDxU/s1600/reflection.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6Usg3wHHgVhaG8850FCUO8uvQSAbrBZQ4wCttxg-ex9BpIeZRvUvZykVmFp-cLzaPXFPPfC37quAifL0-3QJYlKMFJnV4vBPx7QmJ5iKJPSj338IdhDP6-m5bhrtzjRPk4QdD7xYuDxU/s1600/reflection.jpg" /></a><br />
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Hi, all you lovely but weary educators! The race for this school year is almost over. You are heading to the finish line!<br />
Now is the time to reflect on the previous year with all of its victories and struggles. Ask yourself some questions and jot down your thoughts.<br />
What did you learn about this year that changed your teaching?<br />
What worked? Why?<br />
What didn’t work? Why?<br />
How can I use this experience to grow myself as a teacher or grow my students next year?<br />
Knowing what I know now, what would I do differently next time?<br />
What do I need to do to prepare myself to start next school year strong?<br />
Find another educator to do this reflection with you. There is something powerful when you share your best and worst moments! I will meet with my small group next week to reflect and plan. I am stronger with others to surround me on the journey.<br />
Have a restful summer surrounded by friends and family! Try something new and refresh your spirit! I am so thankful for all you do for children and for those who serve them!<br />
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Pic: http://byjacquiesmith.com/the-power-of-reflection/<br />
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<img align="left" src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-43138565457196140852016-05-04T16:11:00.001-04:002016-05-04T16:11:29.889-04:00Online Safety<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Our students love to surf the internet at school and at home. We need to teach our students how to collaborate with others and remain safe online. I just finished an online safety course where I learned about<a href="https://www.commonsensemedia.org/educators"> Common Sense Media</a>. This is such a great resource for educators and parents. I wanted to share a few of the excellent lessons for elementary students offered on the website. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.commonsensemedia.org/educators/lesson/going-places-safely-k-2">Going Places Safely (K-2)</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">This lesson teaches students to be safe by following rules when online. </span><br />
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<li>discover that the Internet can be used to visit far-away places and learn new things.</li>
<li>compare how staying safe online is similar to staying safe in the real world.</li>
<li>explain rules for traveling safely on the Internet.</li>
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<a href="https://www.commonsensemedia.org/educators/lesson/a-b-c-searching-k-2">ABC Searching (K-2)</a></div>
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This lesson teaches students how to search for pictures online using the alphabet.</div>
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Students will be able to...</div>
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<li>learn how to search online by using the alphabet.</li>
<li>understand how to search for a specified letter of the alphabet on a children’s directory site.</li>
<li>apply the results of their alphabet search to create a picture dictionary.</li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.commonsensemedia.org/educators/lesson/keep-it-private-k-2">Keep It Private (K-2)</a></span><br />
This lesson helps students to decide what information is private and what can be shared online.<br />
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<li>learn to create effective usernames that protect their private information.</li>
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One of my favorite parts of each lesson is that you can download a fact sheet to send home to parents. They are available in English and Spanish. </div>
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classroomclipart.com<br />
<img align="left" src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-39385543805780162016-04-23T09:36:00.000-04:002016-04-23T11:11:00.594-04:00Growing Educators<div style="text-align: center;">
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“One reason, so few of us achieve what we truly want is that we never direct our focus; we never concentrate our power. Most people dabble their way through life, never deciding to master anything in particular.”</div>
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— Anthony Robbins</div>
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I spend a great deal of my work week talking about growing readers, writers, and researchers. Today, I want to talk about growing educators. Reflecting on my growth over the last ten years, I see a change in my belief system. The educator that I was and the educator I am now are almost like two different people. Something happened along the way that changed ME.<br />
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I realized that the only person who could change in my school culture was me. I had been waiting on others around me to "show me the way"! I began asking questions rather than blaming others. I wanted to know more about what children needed to become successful. I was determined to find answers and grow. I took ownership of my professional development. I realized that professional development should be a career-long endeavor, not just a once-a-year offering by my district.<br />
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I guess you could say that I moved from a "fixed mindset" to a "growth mindset." Mindset is a simple idea discovered by Stanford University psychologist,<a href="http://mindsetonline.com/abouttheauthor/"> Carol Dweck</a>. Teacher agency is another term I like!<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 19.5px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">"Teacher agency is typically viewed as a quality within educators, a matter of personal capacity to act (Priestly et al., 2012) usually in response to stimuli within their pedagogical environment. It describes an educator who has both the ability and opportunity to act upon a set of circumstances that presents itself within that individual’s leadership, curricular or instructional roles. The educator described would then draw from acquired knowledge and experience to intercede appropriately and effectively. Agency is increasingly rare in the educational world of prescriptive improvement, and the term is too “often utilized as a slogan to support school-based reform” (Priestley, Biesta & Robinson, 2012, p. 3).</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "lucida grande" , "lucida sans unicode" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px;"> " </span><a href="http://colleaguesplus.com/latest%20colleagues/education-matters-2/" style="background-color: white; color: #004477; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Teacher Agency in America and Finland By Roger Wilson, GVSU Faculty</a><br />
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Notice it states that it is a rare quality. I know for a fact that it is very rare. So many educators are waiting for someone else to get busy fixing, finding, doing or creating things that will change school culture and student learning. While we are all waiting for someone else, nothing changes,<br />
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I became tired of waiting and developed a sense of urgency that is with me to this day. We have so little time to grow our learners! We must make each day count. I can't say that my change made everyone happy or that I was appreciated. It took courage and perseverance. It still takes courage today to step out and say what needs to be said. I spend a lot of time thinking about children and not about adults. What is best for children in the classroom? How can I keep them engaged throughout the day? What will inspire them to be lifelong learners? The questions never stop!<br />
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The more time I devote to professional development and learning; the more passionate I become! It is a worthwhile and exciting journey. I want to leave a legacy of promoting change in education that greatly impacts children. I encourage you to journey with me! Together, we can make a difference.<br />
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http://www.clipartpanda.com<br />
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<img align="left" src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-16121435919644596662016-03-05T10:33:00.000-05:002016-03-05T10:33:04.297-05:00Inquiry Based Learning<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="375" mozallowfullscreen="mozallowfullscreen" src="http://www.schooltube.com/embed/003fa63af9c844f1b824" webkitallowfullscreen="webkitallowfullscreen" width="500"></iframe>
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"We have a classroom system, where we could have a community system."</div>
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Do we run our schools as a factory system focused on control and order? </div>
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It is time we shift our thinking and practice! </div>
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It starts with teachers.<br />
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Where can teachers find information about inquiry?<br />
I have read Harvey and Daniels revised book, <a href="http://www.heinemann.com/products/E06286.aspx">Comprehension and Collaboration</a>. It is a great "how to" book, and a great place to start.<br />
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Another approach is Genius Hour. A great way to find out more about implementing<a href="http://www.geniushourguide.org/"> Genius Hour </a>is to look on Twitter<a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=typd&q=%23geniushour"> #geniushour</a>! I have found many resources this way.<br />
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<img align="left" src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-62797968551453951882015-12-28T11:43:00.000-05:002015-12-28T11:45:39.622-05:00Complementary Strategies: Phonics and Meaning<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Image result for reading difficulties" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTjQNlcjJ8r1c39CnmZSb_0i-I8Uzm-4RJoXU3U5YvQZgKO7Uea" /></div>
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The nature of reading difficulties is complex. Many children have difficulty processing letters and sounds. Others can decode text but have trouble understanding what they have read. What is a teacher to do? What does research support? </div>
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Phonics instruction or whole-language?</div>
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Do we have to choose?</div>
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Reading instruction is not one-size fits all. Instruction may involve phonics, strategies for constructing meaning, or both. Over my career, I have developed the belief that children need an integrated approach. As a parent of a bright child with dyslexia, I saw the need for phonics. Complementing the phonics instruction, I worked with him on developing meaning and expressing his thoughts and ideas about the text. He finally became a reader when he found a series that he could read and enjoy. (This supports the idea that readers to need to read a lot and read interesting books that they choose.)</div>
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Research also reminds us that complementary strategies support struggling readers:</div>
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" Since reading essentially involves two basic and complementary processes: learning how to decipher print and understanding what the print means, an integrated approach to reading instruction is mandatory. This assertion is consistent with key findings from Cowen’s (2003) synthesis of six major research studies of approaches to beginning reading – each of which concur that reading for meaning and understanding cannot be taught separately from direct phonics instruction.19 Likewise, and despite the cautions of Adams (1991) and Moats (2000), in making the case for a ‘balanced approach to reading instruction’, Strickland (1998) notes: ’Avoiding instructional extremes is at the heart of providing a balanced program of reading instruction’ (p. 52)." <a href="http://research.acer.edu.au/tll_misc/5/">Found Here</a></div>
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I like Strickland's statement! Teachers need a toolbox full of strategies that will meet the needs of students. We cannot rely on just one strategy or approach to reach our struggling readers. Teachers need professional development and support in order to reach these struggling students.<br />
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<img src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" style="text-align: left;" />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-62779641742098667392015-12-08T09:39:00.000-05:002015-12-08T09:39:09.260-05:00Carl's Christmas<div style="text-align: center;">
I love using picture books when working with students. It gives them the opportunity to invent the story. I love hearing their ideas and seeing what they notice. I have been reading all of the Carl books by Alexandra Day. My grandson loves them! </div>
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B82H7t6wZ0_5OWdFVFJHOVluREU/view?usp=sharing">Here is a writing paper </a>to go along with Carl's Christmas. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI2gOeYNeGppR5VVUFyo9ih6c3B28hHWlZT37HsHBAR7tTaW_S1xxteJkWCNn7DzeL6QmAjwHMtscRIQsWUBKVwGZoXy6n-TCbTAqetEiASXVfkXWoh2qC7yZ_gFYzc0JVi0g6Z_kyQa8/s1600/Carl+snip.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI2gOeYNeGppR5VVUFyo9ih6c3B28hHWlZT37HsHBAR7tTaW_S1xxteJkWCNn7DzeL6QmAjwHMtscRIQsWUBKVwGZoXy6n-TCbTAqetEiASXVfkXWoh2qC7yZ_gFYzc0JVi0g6Z_kyQa8/s200/Carl+snip.JPG" width="153" /></a></div>
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<img align="left" src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-19019137914203621832015-11-09T08:43:00.000-05:002015-11-09T13:43:01.325-05:00Making Class Books<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Image result for making class books" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQMLrlqTfDv0oFQiXL8GnHgXm2_3Ee3ib4MI_83LAjhu8K_T7-PmA" /></div>
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This cute<a href="http://prekandksharing.blogspot.com/2012_04_01_archive.html"> example </a>of a class book is an ABC book using the animals children have drawn.</div>
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<img alt="Ideas for Making Class Books" src="http://prekinders.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/ideas-making-class-books.png" height="145" width="200" /></div>
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<a href="http://www.prekinders.com/class-books/">Here are some ideas</a> for making class books with your Pre-K and Preschool students!</div>
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOLt20VJp6SsiE9CiPNc572GLfqqXlpopUBwYfg7DV89jlFLBZ8goANudWI-31fvgYEMjN6oF2nv9uOqLl72K5MSuniML-6yKr9JHn3vdvHWqhE4r7oyVwWYqsIwIuyBf9ajOxysBSQUay/s320/20130111_151539+copy.jpg" /></div>
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<a href="http://funinprek1.blogspot.com/2013/01/transportation-take-one-land-and-some.html">Fun in PreK-1</a> uses transportation as the lesson.</div>
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<img alt="three-envelope-books.jpg" src="http://www.bookmakingwithkids.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/three-envelope-books.jpg" /></div>
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Second graders can make books too! <a href="http://www.bookmakingwithkids.com/?cat=6">Bookmaking with Kids </a>will give you ideas!</div>
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Get together as a grade level and read the following article. How can you incorporate this idea into your content subjects?</div>
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Check out<a href="http://www.nellieedge.com/articles_resources/MakingClassBooks.htm"> this article</a> by Nellie Edge about making class books!</div>
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More ideas for little ones<a href="http://teachers.net/lessonplans/posts/927.html"> HERE</a>.</div>
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<img height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLzVpj2RDoqk4eNwnphxUM872iMHIsonVIhGDZYsykgkcygeFnslTj38EupJSBGp7GZDBwspS3BI8MerS-wPC7I4F6USHYYjj9j0bPab-H5QnssPoi5SfesAaQqLFOoEu-KvbO284oojY/s200/IMG_2217.jpg" width="200" /></div>
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Finally, one of my favorite teachers who makes class books is Tammy from <a href="http://foreverin1st.blogspot.com/search?q=class+book">Forever in First</a>! I know that her students enjoy reading these books all year long. She makes class books and also posts the most wonderful ideas for creating readers, writers, and researchers. You should follow her posts!</div>
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<img src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" style="text-align: left;" />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-63728099962375036152015-10-24T14:53:00.001-04:002015-10-24T14:54:17.928-04:00Morning Message<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDpZtbJcvcXl446YheOjzpL30wNDeI3sEjkSdHFonQt-XPqvSwc2KiCriTKKY5AfkpY5Fg0mBlhEQz2FQy4CTP_rOD_2sXax1EfPRdOdFGt4ToT-rYTYY-MpG39pC14qiPk-7-f69C3Lo/s1600/morning+message.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDpZtbJcvcXl446YheOjzpL30wNDeI3sEjkSdHFonQt-XPqvSwc2KiCriTKKY5AfkpY5Fg0mBlhEQz2FQy4CTP_rOD_2sXax1EfPRdOdFGt4ToT-rYTYY-MpG39pC14qiPk-7-f69C3Lo/s320/morning+message.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #383d48; font-family: inherit; line-height: 20px;">I wanted to share a picture from a friend of mine. Her son was enjoying the morning message in kindergarten. I believe that morning message is important. I am happy he had time to write it! They could easily move to personal messages from here!</span></div>
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Here is a <a href="http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/post/morning-message-valuable-teaching-tool">Scholastic webpage</a> that talks about the importance of morning message!</div>
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Here is<a href="https://e.edim.co/36953635/wasik_hindman_2011_morning_message_in_ece_classrooms.pdf?Expires=1445716255&Signature=MWXs-LydbcUS-EYrEVOCSnOqMS1poUlJ2buDsbtxMLMcqiCIctbiL7o4avP03bLr3nRwQKmN0V-aCdO2bxLo6MPnAXrEHnkWfk2z6EM2a-hYy063BZn~huGbbBZQfDVeDiSB50bke~MD-UK9RrrgI3RHQAyUC5uTsbrY-MxS-CNA4PUBVevazV1jPGTw6DpadJIcBycWJdo58ieW5SJtzWzvMrcoxaeWS1gXd9hXjbkN6LYTC3yI415E1Z7TQloYnEjNRNusqy3trs-OLJ1d~PViwW4AW0YIO4LbDJTyvU7LgzO7oUcaEJaewWdAasdIYkoDmsplpyPUqB5Dztvlpw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIJNVNRBLLSTGN23Q"> an article</a> about the morning message in early childhood classrooms. </div>
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Morning message is a great way to use continuous text, teach phonics, and model reading and writing strategies. </div>
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<img align="left" src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-32391405716563577632015-09-14T08:57:00.000-04:002015-09-14T08:57:12.519-04:00Curiosity Day!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ6LOa0kz7OnjQNuHK_ePVwSHY2GzvTbzszzV1a_V8G88d4PTGgR-z2lX0e6VrlHrMybqmZybvycWduAw9UQ3pwRZiruTzzL1WWGRwfbFJ6yTfMbU274zQ__O9lqO6MkSxcx_ld4-GwGs/s1600/George.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ6LOa0kz7OnjQNuHK_ePVwSHY2GzvTbzszzV1a_V8G88d4PTGgR-z2lX0e6VrlHrMybqmZybvycWduAw9UQ3pwRZiruTzzL1WWGRwfbFJ6yTfMbU274zQ__O9lqO6MkSxcx_ld4-GwGs/s320/George.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Curiosity Day 2015</div>
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September 19th</div>
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Curious George was published by Houghton Mifflin in 1941. Books about Curious George, including the seven original stories by Margret and Hans Rey, have sold over 75 million copies!</div>
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My 2-year-old grandson loves to watch the show with the man in the big yellow hat and the mischievous monkey, George! We have several books about Curious George and he enjoys looking at the pictures and talking about them. One day, he will be able to read about George on his own!</div>
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Curiosity Day is an annual event in Boston, Mass. Together, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt and WGBH, Boston’s local PBS station, have helped thousands of kids, parents and grandparents celebrate a love of reading and learning. The popular event draws thousands of attendees each year.</div>
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Teachers and parents can download an event guide <a href="http://www.curiousgeorge.com/~/media/sites/cg/resources/cg_eventkit.pdf?la=en">HERE</a>! You will find great ideas for promoting the love of reading and Curious George in your classroom or home. </div>
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<img align="left" src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-18001707504972406342015-08-02T19:05:00.003-04:002015-08-02T19:21:46.009-04:00Five Ideas to Help Teachers Get Ready for a New School Year!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaAHibV-Zof1ABAk1OCn0iYoQC0jjE28bIKWuXnYcZdcnZCFO3UTPVhKFp7XrtFqCxoFO1adM2N-zc8WW1vCBJWNtBL4mBpi-_kwqh9Flgbl05Dxef5fnbIEX2dq-kUEZZ1KAPh0lrQ2Q/s1600/apples.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaAHibV-Zof1ABAk1OCn0iYoQC0jjE28bIKWuXnYcZdcnZCFO3UTPVhKFp7XrtFqCxoFO1adM2N-zc8WW1vCBJWNtBL4mBpi-_kwqh9Flgbl05Dxef5fnbIEX2dq-kUEZZ1KAPh0lrQ2Q/s1600/apples.jpg" /></a></div>
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If you are like most teachers, the start of school is challenging for mind and body. Summer provided a delightful time to refresh spirits and spend time with family and friends. Now, it is time to shift your focus and prepare for the beginning of a new school year!</div>
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Over the years, I have learned five things that will help your transition from summer vacation to the opening day of school:</div>
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<li style="text-align: left;">Nothing helps your attitude like a good nights sleep! Your sleep schedule and <a href="http://www.helpguide.org/articles/sleep/how-to-sleep-better.htm">bedtime habits</a> make a difference in how well you function during the day. Several weeks before you return to school, set your alarm and get back into your work schedule. Your body will appreciate having time to regulate itself!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA5z_jSpjQOBcU8pwKq0zINw6XDQjyiYIbjmtzk27yrXpcuio2Z1bcY6Y1RFLgCvf8Yby5yqxKaZ-v-Wbksrtq9M3Ya0NVFtuW5RCTskNRDv9AeA0dKVaFg9YE6HewXNpBCpGKryC4qXw/s1600/bedtime.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA5z_jSpjQOBcU8pwKq0zINw6XDQjyiYIbjmtzk27yrXpcuio2Z1bcY6Y1RFLgCvf8Yby5yqxKaZ-v-Wbksrtq9M3Ya0NVFtuW5RCTskNRDv9AeA0dKVaFg9YE6HewXNpBCpGKryC4qXw/s1600/bedtime.jpg" /></a></div>
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<li style="text-align: left;">Organize your <a href="http://www.buzzfeed.com/twopoodles/hacks-for-your-tiny-closet#.hjwlzpj0YV">closet</a> and get your school wardrobe clean and ready for work. Nothing feels better than walking into your closet and having a weeks worth of outfits ready to go! Choosing what we wear, rather than allowing the state of our wardrobe and closet to make that decision for us is empowering.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrZ7mZ7hJn746DQ7RDTv8qQARGllrMT2fdH34pYH4zdpLyO3ISaJ2hIMOr40MqxPhQY7XlOmp46CQ-WdzMItweIVnZxY-vaMBFrijg3YlXvT2eoPt2c9aDVLnslJFQTrw_UtUnvSxA0xE/s1600/closet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrZ7mZ7hJn746DQ7RDTv8qQARGllrMT2fdH34pYH4zdpLyO3ISaJ2hIMOr40MqxPhQY7XlOmp46CQ-WdzMItweIVnZxY-vaMBFrijg3YlXvT2eoPt2c9aDVLnslJFQTrw_UtUnvSxA0xE/s1600/closet.jpg" /></a></div>
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<li style="text-align: left;">Children love to get new backpacks and lunchboxes at the beginning of the school year. Find that cute tote that reflects your personality. I love having a new bag or two to start the year.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_07jDoKsEXXQdpjecr9V5POVbyKHnDZ2hMs2k5ZzHweSjIoa7Mr9z1SYzd5-DXrFc81AzjywWDtuN1EvV-lJBdx2XB0H5Gbi-d5tWc3JABE5Ic5Lnrm2vSagiHpUdInzN2VQSHTp-4EA/s1600/tote.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_07jDoKsEXXQdpjecr9V5POVbyKHnDZ2hMs2k5ZzHweSjIoa7Mr9z1SYzd5-DXrFc81AzjywWDtuN1EvV-lJBdx2XB0H5Gbi-d5tWc3JABE5Ic5Lnrm2vSagiHpUdInzN2VQSHTp-4EA/s320/tote.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<li style="text-align: left;">It is time to think about what you will eat for breakfast and lunch when school starts! Stock your cupboards with healthy items that will keep your energy high and promote good health. Get up in time to eat a good breakfast! Pack your healthy lunch the night before. If you have the supplies ready, you will not be tempted to stop by the vending machines for soda and chips. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUXFfz_Jba3slisw0Xk_jQWiqRjxLWRFn9xOe8YEnTXBDrrgy-ndc7_ZB3ImR_Od1vgzOzC0wHdKOlehWgJZcjNLT42s8CWZSFytkd58LxWPHGpUQhLnqLOXfmpDx5hX0CICd5giyDy0M/s1600/lunch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUXFfz_Jba3slisw0Xk_jQWiqRjxLWRFn9xOe8YEnTXBDrrgy-ndc7_ZB3ImR_Od1vgzOzC0wHdKOlehWgJZcjNLT42s8CWZSFytkd58LxWPHGpUQhLnqLOXfmpDx5hX0CICd5giyDy0M/s200/lunch.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<li style="text-align: left;">Plan something special just for you before returning to school. Lunch with friends or a trip to the spa will help you relax and celebrate the end of summer. I am always a little sad that the carefree days of summer are over. Getting my hair done and shopping for a new outfit help create a positive mood. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg5mZGhs_Na1-8U41YpA00KBYjJNViv9JDw-xFwWz8bxi5_MBN2fdZLanMDIu4mYkOXIo-Uyp_Qvx0Fb5mz820txxM-BoVQLi3waDFewzUVIz-4z2xawSVIIZamYTeSyHEhui1e2fbDro/s1600/outfit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg5mZGhs_Na1-8U41YpA00KBYjJNViv9JDw-xFwWz8bxi5_MBN2fdZLanMDIu4mYkOXIo-Uyp_Qvx0Fb5mz820txxM-BoVQLi3waDFewzUVIz-4z2xawSVIIZamYTeSyHEhui1e2fbDro/s1600/outfit.jpg" /></a></div>
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I hope these quick tips will help you have a great start to the new school year!</div>
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Best wishes and much love sent your way!</div>
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<img align="left" src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-17064837797680426002015-07-25T11:24:00.000-04:002015-07-25T11:25:35.770-04:00New 2015 ELA Standards for South Carolina!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JuVYEyWccpE7EaVutmFSwsKZSHayZC6jojFGxm5K2M95tUuoeepCmDHt-zTV7LwdktErfcAM9H9TPJJunX-WZU32u1tS0E3H7EPbi_6p_XQLCKSn4Qqt_Ir2Bl1CTGARGVtquuxF4Zo/s1600/new.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JuVYEyWccpE7EaVutmFSwsKZSHayZC6jojFGxm5K2M95tUuoeepCmDHt-zTV7LwdktErfcAM9H9TPJJunX-WZU32u1tS0E3H7EPbi_6p_XQLCKSn4Qqt_Ir2Bl1CTGARGVtquuxF4Zo/s1600/new.jpg" /></a></div>
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For my South Carolina followers, <a href="https://ed.sc.gov/scde-grant-opportunities/documents/FinalVersion-EnglishLanguageArtsStandards.pdf">HERE is a link </a>to the new 2015 ELA standards!</div>
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The addition of inquiry standards has really changed the environment of the classroom! I am so excited about these inquiry additions! </div>
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Do you need help teaching inquiry? The revised edition of<a href="http://www.heinemann.com/comprehensionandcollaboration/#rspv-community"> Harvey and Daniel's Comprehension and Collaboration </a>has everything you need to get started with inquiry lessons in your classroom!</div>
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<b>I Wonder</b> boards are great for finding out what kids are interested in learning! </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTeVtiIUyw1f6hpp7pbNGdEofXtVlc75oJCBBopgMaSvGf10DllosqO75RdKyjxz2udxBiGox78oqdHQKAk5SDxjVrQ8y5V622eWe3dOp_Jg7uS-ZGgaQyS-36HwmAmLYb_ZCGCrUkER4/s1600/i+wonder.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTeVtiIUyw1f6hpp7pbNGdEofXtVlc75oJCBBopgMaSvGf10DllosqO75RdKyjxz2udxBiGox78oqdHQKAk5SDxjVrQ8y5V622eWe3dOp_Jg7uS-ZGgaQyS-36HwmAmLYb_ZCGCrUkER4/s1600/i+wonder.jpg" /></a></div>
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You can also use<b> I Wonder</b> as a Four Square process. <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B82H7t6wZ0_5ZW5OVzJmcUZIZE0/view?usp=sharing">Download it HERE!</a></div>
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Students observe, listen or read and record their thoughts. I really like this approach in the early grades. </div>
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Another great option for wondering is the <a href="http://www.myteacherpages.com/webpages/mkiva/files/R.A.N%20Writing%20Frames.pdf">RAN chart</a>. You can download the <a href="http://www.myteacherpages.com/webpages/mkiva/files/Stead_Preconf.pdf">E-Book here</a>! </div>
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Students are able to see what they know, what they wonder, and how they can learn and grow through the process. Students in grades 2 and up do really well with the RAN chart. It is also great for professional learning with adults.</div>
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You can create posters for I Wonder and/or the RAN chart and have students use sticky notes.</div>
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<img align="left" src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-62508302611458582882015-06-13T12:22:00.000-04:002015-06-13T12:22:27.563-04:00Summer<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeqXP8INFjb-VQCajLwBKy7GOkVfTW1LySKCzBrC-t0QKPpCP0zMJQ7rThDilUFTpotSRgxhqmIFe7s-oMZZys4u1dqgR3U4_VQ5ipWQdx710QWac6WstfKOu5w-ImrqHx3Y3-clhfFKk/s1600/iced-tea.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeqXP8INFjb-VQCajLwBKy7GOkVfTW1LySKCzBrC-t0QKPpCP0zMJQ7rThDilUFTpotSRgxhqmIFe7s-oMZZys4u1dqgR3U4_VQ5ipWQdx710QWac6WstfKOu5w-ImrqHx3Y3-clhfFKk/s320/iced-tea.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Teachers, thank you for all that you do for our kids during the school year!</div>
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Be sure to take care of yourself! Pour into yourself and your family so that you will have reserves to draw from when school begins. Unplug and let your soul and your mind rest. </div>
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I know what it takes to be a teacher! You deserve admiration, respect, and rest!</div>
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Hope you have a beautiful summer!</div>
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xoxo</div>
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<img align="left" src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-83543553163279982332015-05-16T09:19:00.000-04:002015-05-16T09:32:26.901-04:00Babies Love Reading!<div style="text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://vimeo.com/user22465302">Sandra Maddox</a> on <a href="https://vimeo.com/">Vimeo</a>.</div>
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This cutie pie is my grandson! I wanted to make sure that he would love books, so we started early! Does it work? Oh, yes! </div>
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Notice his eye movements and body language. He loves the pictures and the sound of my voice as we weave our way through the book. It is obvious that he is happy and enjoying the experience.<br />
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So, what do babies learn from having books read to them?</div>
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Reading to babies stimulates and helps to<a href="http://www.urbanchildinstitute.org/why-0-3/baby-and-brain"> develop their brains</a>!</div>
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Reading to babies helps them to<a href="http://www.brighthorizons.com/family-resources/e-family-news/2012-look-whos-talking-childrens-development-of-speech/"> develop speech</a>.</div>
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Reading aloud to babies exposes them to language. Children need to<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/22/us/language-gap-study-bolsters-a-push-for-pre-k.html"> hear many words </a>each day and learn to process language. </div>
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Reading to babies will develop their love for books. Create routines that will encourage a love for reading, like bedtime stories. </div>
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The love of books can be a shared experience that bonds baby and parent or grandparent. It creates memories and a lifelong love of reading. It also encourages snuggle time!</div>
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18 months</div>
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His favorite books from birth to age 1 were written by <a href="http://smile.amazon.com/Karen-Katz/e/B001H6TYBW/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_1">Karen Katz</a>. He has added the <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Anna-Dewdney/e/B001H6OBJM/ref=sr_ntt_srch_lnk_2?qid=1431782275&sr=1-2">Llama Llama </a>books, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Alice-Schertle/e/B000APKQV8/ref=sr_ntt_srch_lnk_1?qid=1431782312&sr=1-1">The Little Blue Truck </a>books, and many more!</div>
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<img align="left" src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8619429079460994091.post-33671221003933777142015-05-15T13:39:00.000-04:002015-05-15T13:39:21.794-04:00Patrick Allen and Bella Conferring<div style="text-align: center;">
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Listen in and see what a conference looks like when conferring with readers.</div>
<img align="left" src="http://i1102.photobucket.com/albums/g447/eschaff/Literacy%20Minute/sgn2.png" />SCTigerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04022505143719110130noreply@blogger.com0